Emergence and Fixing of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza A Via Recombination and Hitch Hiking

The dramatic rise of oseltamivir resistance in the H1N1 serotype in the 2007/2008 season and the fixing of H274Y in the 2008/2009 season has raised concerns regarding individuals at risk for seasonal influenza, as well as development of similar resistance in the H5N1 serotype. Previously, oseltamivir resistance produced changes in H1N1 and H3N2 at multiple positions in treated patients. In contrast, the recently reported resistance involved patients who had not recently taken oseltamivir. Moreover, the resistance was limited to the H1N1 which had acquired H274Y. Using phylogenetic analysis I show that the fixing of H274Y was due to hitch hiking on a genetic background that acquired key changes from another circulating sub-clade. H274Y jumped from clade 2C (Hong Kong/2562/2006-like) to clade 1 (New Caledonia/20/1999-like) to clade 2B (Brisbane/59/2007-like) which included multiple introductions. Sub-clades that had acquired key changes on the neuramindase and hemagglutinin genes expanded and fixed of H274Y on H1N1. These changes led to the spread of adamantane resistance on clade 2C outside of Asia, followed by the spread of oseltamivir resistance in 2007/2008 and the fixing of H274Y in 2008/2009. The hemagglutinin change, A193T, was a key component and the coincident polymorphism, S193F, was linked to the fixing of adamantane resistance in H3N2. The aggregation of key polymorphisms onto different genetic backgrounds supports a mechanism of homologous recombination between co-circulating influenza sub-clades, and provides a rationale for the prediction of vaccine targets and emergence of antiviral resistance

Commencement Address Delivered by Bryant President Jacobs: Your Service to Mankind

Commencement address delivered by Bryant President Jacobs: Two classes of graduates meet in memory today--you who are here in person to receive your degrees and diplomas, and those of our young men who are facing the fury of war. Over four hundred of our present student body and hundreds of our alumni have answered their Country\u27s Call. ..

Class Day Address Transcript, 1960: The Joy of Achievement

It is not always, or perhaps even often, that a speaker can feel certain his subject will appeal to everybody in his audience. However, I venture to feel that way today..

To the High School Graduate (2)

This is a brochure designed to convince young women graduating high school to study business at Bryant College. Both the brochure and the letter from Bryant President Henry L. Jacobs talk about the opportunities for women during wartime

Liquid seeding atomizer

An atomizer for a liquid having an air supply is described. Liquid supply tubes extend longitudinally along the air supply tube. The air supply tube has at least one air orifice extending from an inner surface of the tube through the tube. The liquid supply tubes are positioned on either side of the air orifices and the liquid tubes are sealed to the air supply tube. The liquid supply tubes with facing liquid orifices are positioned adjacent to each of the air orifices. The liquid supply tubes are laterally spaced apart at the liquid orifices at a distance less than the diameter of the air orifices to enable a beneficial venturi effect when the atomizer is in operation

Other People\u27s Money: The Effects of Ownership on Compensation Strategy and Executive Pay

In this paper we develop and test hypotheses based on agency theory and managerial capitalism to address the question of whether firms\u27 compensation strategies are designed to motivate actions in the interests of equity holders or those of management. We examined differences in the organizational incentive structure of lower-level executives in management-controlled, owner controlled, and owner-managed firms. We found that when managers controlled the firm, there was pervasively weak incentive alignment for managers within the hierarchy and that, beyond base pay, they were able to extract compensation premiums through bonuses and long-term incentives, in spite of the fact that their firms did not demonstrate better economic performance than other types of firms. We were also able to demonstrate that equity holders pay substantial agency costs in management-controlled firms compared with owner-controlled firms. We end with a discussion of the organizational context for rationalizing executive compensation and the role of compensation consultants

Aerodynamic Performance of a 0.27-Scale Model of an AH-64 Helicopter with Baseline and Alternate Rotor Blade Sets

Performance of a 27 percent scale model rotor designed for the AH-64 helicopter (alternate rotor) was measured in hover and forward flight and compared against and AH-64 baseline rotor model. Thrust, rotor tip Mach number, advance ratio, and ground proximity were varied. In hover, at a nominal thrust coefficient of 0.0064, the power savings was about 6.4 percent for the alternate rotor compared to the baseline. The corresponding thrust increase at this condition was approx. 4.5 percent which represents an equivalent full scale increase in lift capability of about 660 lbs. Comparable results were noted in forward flight except for the high thrust, high speed cases investigated where the baseline rotor was slightly superior. Reduced performance at the higher thrusts and speeds was likely due to Reynolds number effects and blade elasticity differences

DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AMERICA

Community/Rural/Urban Development,